Lunar Meteorites

There is a lot of information on the web about Lunar Meteorites. A Google.com search on the term “Lunar Meteorites” yields 390,000 sites on that search engine alone.

As a geologist, I find it fascinating that impacts on the moon’s surface can produce meteorites on the Earth. The moon has a small gravitational field and low escape velocity. Any rocks dislodged by a surface impact on the moon have a chance to escape the moon’s gravitational field. This has also happened on Mars, and there are Mars Meteorites.

Some Definitions:

First here are some definitions related to lunar meteorites, meteoroids, asteroids and planets. From the NASA website:

 "Shooting stars" or meteors are bits of material falling through Earth's atmosphere; they are heated to incandescence by the friction of the air. The bright trails as they are coming through the Earth's atmosphere are termed meteors, and these chunks as they are hurtling through space are called meteoroids. Large pieces that do not vaporize completely and reach the surface of the Earth are termed meteorites.

Asteroids are essentially chunks of rock ranging in size from dust particles to 1,000 km across. Planetoids are planet sized asteroids.

For more information about meteors, meteorites and asteroids I have produced a CD-ROM entitled Falling from the Sky: A Meteorite Resource. This CD includes hundreds of pages of information and many interactive web page links.

Introduction

The following information was taken from the Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences website:

http://epsc.wustl.edu/admin/resources/moon_meteorites.html

Meteoroids strike the Moon every day. Lunar escape velocity averages 2.38 km/s (1.48 miles per second), only a few times the muzzle velocity of a rifle (0.7-1.0 km/s).  Any rock on the lunar surface that is accelerated by the impact of a meteoroid to lunar escape velocity or greater will leave the Moon’s gravitational influence. Some ejected material becomes captured by the Earth’s gravitational field and lands on Earth within a few hundred thousands of years (much shorter for some).  Other ejected material, however, assumes an orbit around the Sun.  Some of that material may eventually strike Earth.  This can take a long time.  Lunar meteorites Yamato-82192/82193/86032 and Dhofar 025 remained in space for 10 and 20 million years before finally landing on Earth. 

Lunar meteorites look a lot like some Earth rocks. We know that they came from space, however, because like asteroidal meteorites, lunar meteorites have fusion crusts from the melting that occurs as they enter the Earth’s atmosphere (the olive-green crusts on the photos above).  Also, they contain certain isotopes that can only be produced by reactions with cosmic rays while outside the Earth’s atmosphere. 

Chemical compositions, isotope ratios, minerals, and textures of the lunar meteorites are all similar to those of samples collected on the Moon during the Apollo missions.  Taken together, these various characteristics are different from those of any other type of meteorite or terrestrial rock.  For example, all of those meteorites in the List that are classified as feldspathic breccias are rich in the mineral anorthite, which is plagioclase feldspar, mineralogically, and a calcium aluminum silicate, chemically.  Consequently, these meteorites all have high concentrations of aluminum and calcium.  Because of some unique aspects about how the Moon formed, the lunar highlands are composed predominantly of anorthite.  Anorthite is much less common on asteroids and, to the best of our knowledge, on the surface of any other planet or planetary satellite.

The largest single stone is Kalahari 009 at 13.5 kg (30 lbs.). The rest are much smaller. The next biggest are Dar al Gani 400 (1425 grams = 3.1 lbs) and LAP 02205 (1226 grams = 2.7 lbs).  Together, the five stones of the LAP 02xxx "pairing" are the second largest lunar meteorite (1875 grams = 4.1 lbs.). Several of the lunar meteorite fragments found in Antarctica and Oman only weigh a few grams (a U.S. nickel weighs 5 grams).

While impact cratering on the Moon can be a very destructive process, it also has the capacity to throw new samples of rock our way.  As an impact crater is being excavated, some rocky material can be thrown out of the crater with enough velocity to escape the Moon's gravity and fall to Earth.  Since impact craters occur at random locations, lunar meteorites provide a set of samples from all portions of the Moon, including the farside and polar regions, which Apollo astronauts and Luna spacecraft were unable to visit.

Thus far 15 lunar meteorites have been discovered (see table below).  Many of these have been recovered in Antarctica, where they can be preserved in glacial ice for thousands of years after they fall.  Some lunar meteorites, however, have also been found in other parts of the world.  Generally these are hot desert regions where the meteorites are preserved because there is so little rain to affect them.

Even though the lunar meteorites sample different regions of the Moon than the Apollo and Luna programs, they have some similarities.  One common type of lunar meteorite is an anorthositic breccia.  The word "anorthositic" indicates the rock contains lots of bright white fragments of anorthosite (a plagioclase-rich rock containing some pyroxene, with or without olivine), the type of rock found in the lunar highlands. A "breccia" is a rock that contains the broken fragments of older rocks.  These breccias are usually produced by the impact processes, which crush rock, move it around the surface of the Moon, and mix it with broken fragments of other types of rock.  There are different types of impact breccias, including fragmental breccias, polymict breccias, and regolith breccias.

Of the >26,000 meteorites listed in the Catalogue of Meteorites, only 1 in 1200 are lunar.  Meteorites are very rare rocks; lunar meteorites are exceedingly rare. No lunar meteorites have yet been found in North America, South America, or Europe. 

Lunar Meteorites Table

A table of Lunar Meteorites has been compiled by the University of Arizona Space Imagery Center, from the following website:

http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/sic/moon/lunar_meteorites/table_record_impact.html

Based on information presented by Eugster et al. (1991), Nishiizumi et al. (1991), Vogt et al. (1991), Hill et al. (1991), Nishiizumi et al. 1992, Warren (1994), Grier et al. (1995), Kring et al. (1995), Swindle et al. 1995, Kring et al. (1996), Nishiizumi et al. (1996), Bischoff and Weber (1997), Grossman (2000), Grossman and Zipfel (2001).

References

The following list of references about lunar meteorites has been compiled by Washington University – St. Louis, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences. The web site is:

http://epsc.wustl.edu/admin/resources/meteorites/references.html

AAA

Anand M., Misra K., Taylor L. A., Nazarov M. A., Clayton R. N., and Mayeda T. K. (2002) Apparently KREEPy lunar meteorite Dhofar 287a: The residual melt tapped from a fractionating magma chamber (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIII, abstract no. 1635, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.

Anand M., Taylor L. A., Nazarov M. A., and Patchen A. (2003) Petrologic comparisons of lunar mare basalt meteorites Dh-287A and NWA 032 (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science IIIIV, abstract #1787, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.

Anand M., Taylor L. A., Misra K. C., Demidova S. I., and Nazarov M. A. (2003) KREEPy lunar meteorite Dhofar 287A: A new lunar mare basalt, Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 38, 485-499.

Anand M., Taylor L. A., Neal C. R., Snyder G. A., Patchen A., Sano Y., and Terada K. (2003) Petrogenesis of lunar meteorite EET 96008, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 67, 3499–3518.

Anand M., Taylor L. A., Neal C., Patchen A. and Kramer G. (2004) Petrology and geochemistry of LAP 02 205: A new low-Ti mare-basalt meteorite (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV, abstract no. 1626, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.

Anand, M., Taylor, L. A., Nazarov, M. A., Shu, J., Mao H.-K., and Hemley, R. J. (2004) Space weathering on airless planetary bodies: clues from the lunar mineral hapkeite. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, no. 18, 6847-6851.

Arai T. (2001) Mineralogical study of lunar meteorite EET 96008 (abstract), In Antarctic Meteorites XXVI, 3-6, National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo.

Arai T (2003) Yamato 983885: Lunar highland breccia with alkali anorthosite (abstract). Evolution of Solar System Materials: A New Perspective from Antarctic Meteorites, 7-8, National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo.

Arai T. and Warren P. H. (1999) Lunar meteorite Queen Alexandra Range 94281: Glass compositions and other evidence for launch pairing with Yamato 793274, Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 34, 209-234.

Arai T., Takeda H., and Warren P. H. (1996) Four lunar meteorites: Crystallization trends of pyroxenes and spinels, Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 31, 877-892.

Arai T., Ishi T., and Otsuki M. (2002) Mineralogical study of new lunar meteorite Yamato 981031 (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIII, abstract no. 2064, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.

Arai T., Ishi T., and Otsuki M. (2002) A new lunar meteorite Yamato 981031: A possible link between two lunar meteorite source craters (abstract). In Antarctic Meteorites XXVII, 4-6, National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo.

Arai T., Otsuki M., Ishii T., Mikouchi T., and Miyamoto M. (2004) Mineralogy of Yamato 983885 lunar polymict breccia with alkali-rich and Mg-rich rocks (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV, abstract no. 2155, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.

Arai T., Misawa K. and Kojima H. (2005) A new lunar meteorite MET 01210: Mare breccia with a low-Ti ferrobasalt (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, abstract no. 2361, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.

Arai T., Shimoda H., Kita N., Morishita Y., and Kojima H. (2005) Source magma compositions for basalt clasts of lunar meteorite EET 87521 in connection to KREEP (abstract). 68th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, number #5196.

Arai T., Shimoda H., Kita N., and Morishita Y. (2005) Petrogenesis of basaltic clasts with extreme compositional variations in a brecciated lunar meteorite EET 87521 (abstract), Antarctic Meteorites XXIX, 1–2, National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo.

Arai T., Otsuki M., Ishii T., Mikouchi T., and Miyamoto M. (2005) Mineralogy of Yamato 983885 lunar polymict breccia with KREEP basalt, a high-Al basalt, a very low-Ti basalt and Mg-rich rocks. Antarct. Meteorite Res. 18, 17–45.

BBB

Barrat J. A., Gillet Ph., Jambon A., Sautter V., Javoy M., Petit E., and Lesourd M. (2001) News from the Moon and Mars: preliminary examinations of two new Saharan finds (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science XXXII, abstract no. 1713, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.

Bartoschewitz R., Park J., Nagao K., Okazaki R., Niedergesaess R., Pepelnik R., Reus U., and Kurtz Th. (2005) Lunar Meteotite SaU 300 – Noble Gas Isotopes (abstract). 68th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, number 5026.

Bartoschewitz R., Niedergesaess R., Pepelnik R., Reus U., Kraehenbuehl U., and Kurtz Th. (2005) Chemical Classification of "SaU 300" (abstract). 68th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, number 5024.

Bartoschewitz R., Appel P., Mader B., and Kurtz Th. (2005) Sayh Al Uhaymir 300 — A New Lunar Meteorite (abstract). 68th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, number 5023.

Bischoff A. (1996) Lunar meteorite Queen Alexandra Range 93069: A lunar highland regolith breccia with very low abundances of mafic components, Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 31, 849-855. 

Bischoff A. (2001) Fantastic new chondrites, achondrites, and lunar meteorites as the result of recent meteorite search expeditions in hot and cold deserts. Earth, Moon and Planets 85-86, 87-97.

Bischoff A. and Weber D. (1997) Dar al Gani 262: The first lunar meteorite from the Sahara (abstract). Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 32, A13-A14. 

Bischoff A., Palme H., Weber H. W., Stöffler D., Braun O., Spettel B., Begemann F., Wänke H., and Ostertag R. (1987) Petrography, shock history, chemical composition and noble gas content of the lunar meteorites Yamato-82192 and -82193, Mem. Nat. Inst. Polar Res., Spec. Iss. 46, 21-42. 

Bischoff A., Weber D., Clayton R. N., Faestermann T., Franchi I. A., Herpers U., Knie K., Korschinek G., Kubik P. W., Mayeda T. K., Merchel S., Michel R., Neumann S., Palme H., Pillinger C. T., Schultz L., Sexton A. S., Spettel B., Verchovsky A. B., Weber H. W., Weckwerth G., and Wolf D. (1998) Petrology, chemistry, and isotopic compositions of the lunar highland regolith breccia Dar al Gani 262, Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 33, 1243-1257.

Bogard D. D. (1983) A meteorite from the Moon, Geophys. Res. Lett. 10, 773. 

Bogard D. D. and Johnson P. (1983) Trapped noble gases indicate lunar origin for Antarctic meteorite, Geophys. Res. Lett. 10, 801-803.

Borg L. E., Shearer C. K., Asmerom Y., and Papike J. J. (2004) Prolonged KREEP magmatism on the Moon indicated by the youngest dated lunar igneous rock. Nature 432, 209–211.

Borg L. E., Shearer C. K., Asmerom Y., and Papike J. J. (2005) Geochemical and isotopic systematics of the youngest dated lunar igneous rock, Northwest Africa 773 (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, abstract no. 1026, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.

Boynton W. V. and Hill D. H. (1983) Composition of bulk fragments and a possible pristine clast from Allan Hills A81005, Geophys. Res. Lett. 10, 837-840.

Bridges J. C., Jeffries T. E.,  and Grady M. M. (2002) Trace element signatures of trapped KREEP in olivine- rich clasts within lunar meteorite NWA773, 65th Meteoritical Society Meeting, no. 5137.

Bukovanska M., Dobosi G., Brandstätter F., and Kurat G. (1999) Dar al Gani 400: Petrology and geochemistry of some major lithologies (abstract). Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 34, A21.

CCC

Cahill J., Cohen B. A., Taylor L. A., and Nazarov M. A. (2001) Mineralogy and petrology of "new" lunar meteorite Dhofar 025 (abstract).In Lunar and Planetary Science XXIII, abstract no. 1840, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.

Cahill J. T., Floss C., Anand M., Taylor L. A., Nazarov M. A., and Cohen B. A. (2004) Petrogenesis of lunar highlands meteorites: Dhofar 025, Dhofar 081; Dar al Gani 262, and Dar al Gani 400. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 39, 503–530.

Cassidy W. A. (2003) Meteorites, Ice, and Antarctica, Cambridge Univ. Press, 349 pp.

Chokai J., Mikouchi T., Arai T., Monkawa A., Koizumi E., Miyamoto M. (2004) Mineralogical comparison between LAP02205 and lunar mare basalts (abstract). Antarctic Meteorites XXVIII, p. 4–5, National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo.

Cohen B. A. (2005) More impact-melt clasts in feldspathic lunar meteorites (abstract). 68th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, number 5314.

Cohen B. A., Kring D. A., and Swindle T. D. (1999) Impact melt clasts in lunar meteorites Dar al Gani 262 and Dar al Gani 400 (abstract). Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 34, A26.

Cohen B. A., Swindle T. D., and Kring D. A. (2000) Argon-40 - Argon-39 geochronology of lunar meteorite impact melt clasts (abstract). Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 35, p. A43-A44, 63rd Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting, abstract no. 5290.

Cohen B. A., Swindle T. D., and Kring D. A. (2000) Support for the lunar cataclysm hypothesis from lunar meteorite impact melt ages, Science 290, 1754-1756.

Cohen B. A., Taylor L. A., and Nazarov M. A. (2001) Impact melt compositions in lunar meteorite Dhofar 025 (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science XXXII, abstract no. 1409, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.

Cohen B. A., Taylor L. A., and Nazarov M. A. (2001) Lunar meteorite Dhofar 026: A second-generation impact melt (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science XXXII, abstract no. 1404, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.

Cohen B. A., James O. B., Taylor L. A., Nazarov M. A., and Barsukova L. D. (2004) Lunar highland meteorite Dhofar 026 and Apollo sample 15418: Two strongly shocked, partially melted, granulitic breccias. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 39, 1419–1447.

Cohen B. A., Swindle T. D., Kring D. A., and Olson E. K. (2005) Geochemistry and ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar geochronology of impact-melt clasts in lunar meteorites Dar al Gani 262 and Calcalong Creek (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, abstract no. 1481, 36th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston.

Collins S. J., Righter K., and Brandon A. D. (2005) Mineralogy, petrology and oxygen fugacity of the LaPaz icefield lunar basaltic meteorites and the origin of evolved lunar basalts (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, abstract no. 1141, 36th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston.

Consolmagno G. J., Russell S. S., and Jeffries T. E. (2004) An in–situ study of REE abundances in three anorthositic impact melt lunar highland meteorites (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV, abstract no. 1370, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.

DDD

Daubar I. J., Kring D. A., Swindle T. D., and Jull A. J. T. (2002) Northwest Africa 482: A crystalline impact-melt breccia from the lunar highlands, Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 37, 1797-1814.

Day J. M. D., Taylor L. A., Patchen A. D, Schnare D. W., and Pearson D. G. (2005) Comparative petrology and geochemistry of the LaPaz mare basalt meteorites (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, abstract no. 1419, 36th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston.

Day J. M. D., Pearson D. G., Taylor L. A. (2005) ¹⁸⁷Re-¹⁸⁷Os isotope disturbance in La Paz mare basalt meteorites (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, abstract no. 1424, 36th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston.

Delaney J. S. (1989) Lunar basalt breccia identified among Antarctic meteorites. Nature 342, 889-890.

Delano J. W. (1990) Constraints on the highlands source-area of lunar meteorite ALHA 81005 using chemical compositions of glasses (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science XXI, p. 276–277, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.

Delano J. W. (1991) Geochemical comparison of impact glasses from lunar meteorites ALHA81005 and MAC88105 and Apollo 16 regolith 64001, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 3019-3029.

Demidova S., Nazarov M. A., Anand M., and Taylor L. A. (2002) Clast population of lunar regolith breccia Dhofar 287B (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science 33, abstract no. 1290, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.

Demidova S. I., Nazarov M. A., Taylor L. A., and Patchen A. (2003) Dhofar 304, 305, 306 and 307: New lunar highland meteorites from Oman (abstract), Lunar and Planetary Science 34, CD-ROM #1285, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.

Demidova S. I., Nazarov M. A., Anand M., and Taylor L. A. (2003) Lunar regolith breccia Dhofar 287B: A record of lunar volcanism, Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 38, 501–514.

Desnoyers C. and Michel-Lévy M. C.(1983) The olivine in the lunar meteorite ALHA 81005 (abstract). In Meteoritics 18, 290.

EEE

Eugster O. (1988) Exposure age and terrestrial age of the paired lunar meteorites Yamato-82192 and -82193 from the Moon. Proc. NIPR Symp. Antarc. Meteorites 1, 135-141. Nat. Inst. Polar Res., Tokyo. 

Eugster O. (1989) History of meteorites from the Moon collected in Antarctica. Science 245, 1197-1202. 

Eugster O. (1990) Lunar meteorite MAC88105: History derived from cosmic-ray produced and solar wind trapped noble gases (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science XXI, p. 337-337, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston. 

Eugster O. (2003) Cosmic-ray exposure ages of meteorites and lunar rocks and their significance. Chemie der Erde 63, 3–30.

Eugster O., Niedermann S., Burger M., Krähenbühl U., Weber H., Clayton R. N., and Mayeda T. K. (1989) Preliminary report on the Yamato-86032 lunar meteorite: III. Ages, noble gas isotopes, oxygen isotopes and chemical abundances. Proc. NIPR Symp. Antarc. Meteorites 2, 25-35. Nat. Inst. Polar Res., Tokyo. 

Eugster O., Burger M., Krähenbühl U., Michel Th., Beer J., Hofmann H. J., Synal H. A., Woelfli W., Finkel R. C. (1991) History of the paired lunar meteorites MAC88104 and MAC88105 derived from noble gas isotopes, radionuclides, and some chemical abundances. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55, 3139-3148.

Eugster O., Polnau E., Salerno E., and Terribilini D. (2000) Lunar surface exposure models for meteorites Elephant Moraine 96008 and Dar al Gani 262 from the Moon. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 35, 1177-1181.

FFF

Fagan T. J., Bunch T. E., Wittke J. H., Jarosewich E., Clayton R. N., Mayeda T., Eugster O., Lorenzetti S., Keil K., and Taylor G. J. (2000) Northwest Africa 032: A new lunar mare basalt (abstract), Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 35, p. A51, 63rd Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting, abstract no. 5159.

Fagan T. J., Keil K., Taylor G. J., Hicks T. L., Killgore M., Bunch T. E., Wittke J. H., Eugster O., Lorenzetti S., Mittlefehldt D.W., Clayton R.N., and  Mayeda T. (2001) New lunar meteorite Northwest Africa 773: Dual origin by cumulate crystallization and impact brecciation (abstract). 64th Meteoritical Society Meeting, abstract no. 5149.

Fagan T. J., Taylor G. J., Keil K., Bunch T. E., Wittke J. H., Korotev R. L., Jolliff B. L., Gillis J. J., Haskin L. A., Jarosewich E., Clayton R. N., Mayeda T. K., Fernandes V. A., Burgess R., Turner G., Eugster O., and Lorenzetti S. (2002) Northwest Africa 032: Product of lunar volcanism. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 37, 371–394.

Fagan T. J., Taylor J. G., Keil K., Hicks T. L., Killgore M., Bunch T. E., Wittke J. H., Mittlefehldt D. W., Clayton R. N., Mayeda T. K., Eugster O., Lorenzetti S., and Norman M. D. (2003) Northwest Africa 773: Lunar origin and iron-enrichment trend. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 38, 529–554.

Fernandes V. A., Burgess R., and Turner G. (2000) Laser argon-40-argon-39 age studies of Dar al Gani 262 lunar meteorite, Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 35, 1355-1364.

Fernandes V. A., Burgess R. and Turner G. (2002) North West Africa 773 (NWA773): Ar-Ar studies of breccia and cumulate lithologies (abstract). In The Moon Beyond 2002: Next Steps in Lunar Science and Exploration, p. 16, LPI Contribution No. 1128, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.

Fernandes V. A., Burgess R. and Turner G. (2003) ⁴⁰Ar-³⁹Ar chronology of lunar meteorites Northwest Africa 032 and 773. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 38, 555–564.

Fernandes V. A., Anand M., Burgess R., and Taylor L. A. (2004) Ar-Ar studies of Dhofar clast-rich feldspathic highland meteorites: 025, 026, 280, 303 (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science XXXV, abstract no. 1514, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.

Fernandes V. A., Morris A., and Burgess R. (2005) New Ar-Ar Age determinations for the lunar mare basalts Asuka 881757 and Yamato 793169 (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, abstract no. 1002, 36th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston.

Fukuoka T. (1990) Chemistry of Yamato-793274 lunar meteorite (abstract). In Papers Presented to the Fifteenth Symposium on Antarctic Meteorites, 122-123. Nat. Inst. Polar Res., Tokyo. 

Fukuoka T., Laul J. C., Smith M. R., Hughes S. S., and Schmitt R. A. (1986) Chemistry of Yamato-82192 and -82193 Antarctic meteorites (abstract). In Papers Presented to the Eleventh Symposium on Antarctic Meteorites, 40-42. Nat. Inst. Polar Res., Tokyo. 

Fukuoka T., Laul J. C., Smith M. R., Hughes S. S., and Schmitt R. A. (1986) Chemistry of Yamato-791197 Antarctic meteorite: Evidence for its lunar highlands origin. Mem. Nat. Inst. Polar Res., Spec. Iss. 41, 84-95.

GGG

Gillis J. J., Jolliff B. L., and Korotev R. L. (2004) Lunar surface geochemistry: Global concentrations of Th, K, and FeO as derived from Lunar Prospector and Clementine data. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 68, 3791–3805.

Gnos E., Hofmann B. A., Al-Kathiri A., Lorenzetti S., Villa I., Eugster O., Jull A. J. T., Eikenberg J., Spettel B., Krähenbühl U., Franchi I. A., and Greenwood G. C. (2003) Lunar meteorite SaU 169; An extremely KREEP-rich rock (abstract). 66th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting, abstract no. 5066.

Gnos E., Hofmann B. A., Al-Kathiri A., Lorenzetti S., Eugster O., Whitehouse M. J., Villa I., Jull A. J. T., Eikenberg J., Spettel B., Krähenbühl U., Franchi I. A., and Greenwood G. C. (2004) Pinpointing the source of a lunar meteorite: Implications for the evolution of the Moon. Science 305, 657–659.

Goodrich C.A. and Keil K. (1987) Mare basalts and other clasts in Yamato lunar meteorites Y-791197, -82192 and -82193. Mem. Nat. Inst. Polar Res., Spec. Iss. 46, 56-70. 

Goodrich C.A., Taylor G. J., Keil K., Boynton W. V., and Hill D. H. (1984) Petrology and chemistry of hyperferroan anorthosites and other clasts from lunar meteorite ALHA81005. Proc. Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf. 15th, in J. Geophys. Res. 89, C87-C94.

Grady M. M. (2000) Catalogue of Meteorites, With special reference to those represented in the collection of the Natural History Museum, Fifth Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 689 pp and CD-ROM.

Grady M. M. and Pillinger C. T. (1990) The carbon and nitrogen stable isotope geochemistry of two lunar meteorites: ALHA-81005 and Y-86032. Proc. NIPR Symp. Antarct. Meteorites 3, 27–39, Nat. Inst. Polar Res., Tokyo.

Greshake A., Schmitt R. T., Stöffler D., Pätsch M., and Schultz L. (2001) Dhofar 081: A new lunar highland meteorite. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 36, 459-470.

Grier J. A., Kring D. A., and Swindle T. D. (1995) Impact melts and anorthositic clasts in lunar meteorites QUE93069 and MAC88105 (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science XXVI, 513-514, Lunar and Planetray Institute, Houston.

HHH

Haloda J., Irving A. J., and Tycova P. (2005) Lunar meteorite Northeast Africa 001: An anorthositic regolith breccia with mixed highland/mare components (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, no. 1487, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.

Harvey R. (2003) The origin and significance of Antarctic meteorites. Chemie der Erde 63, 93-147.

Head J. N. (2001) Lunar meteorite source crater size: Constraints from impact simulations (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science XXXII, abstract no. 1768, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.

Head J. N. (2003) The relative abundance of recently-launched meteorites from the Moon and Mars (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science XXXIV, abstract no. 1961, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.

Hill D. H. and Boynton W. V. (2003) Chemistry of the Calcalong Creek lunar meteorite and its relationship to lunar terranes. Meteorit. Planet. Sci. 38, 595–626.

Hill D. H., Boynton W. V., and Haag R. A. (1991) A lunar meteorite found outside the Antarctic, Nature 352, 614-617.

Hill D. H., Marvin U. B., and Boynton W. V. (1995) Clasts from the Calcalong Creek lunar meteorite (abstract). Lunar and Planetary Science XXVI, p. 605-606, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston.

Huber H. and Warren P. H. (2005) MET01210: Another lunar mare meteorite (regolith breccia) with extensive pyroxene exsolution, and not part of the YQ launch pair (abstract). In Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVI, abstract no. 2401, 36th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston.

III

JJJ

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